Seperate but equal

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After the end of Reconstruction with the Compromise ofand the withdrawal of federal troops from all Southern states, former slave-holding states enacted various laws to undermine the equal treatment of African Americans, although the Fourteenth Amendment as well as federal Civil Rights laws enacted during reconstruction were meant to guarantee it.

However, Southern states contended that the requirement of equality could be met in a way that kept the races separate.

Furthermore, the state and federal courts tended to reject the pleas Seperate but equal African Americans that their Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated, arguing that the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to federal, not state, citizenship.

After the end of Reconstruction, the federal government adopted a general policy of leaving racial segregation up to the individual states. One example of this policy was the second Morrill Act Morrill Act of Before the end of the war, the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act Morrill Act of had provided federal funding for higher education by each state with the details left to the state legislatures.

Provided, That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State or Territory for the support and maintenance of a college where a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of students, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges separately for white and colored students shall be held to be a compliance with the provisions of this act if the funds received in such State or Territory be equitably divided as hereinafter set forth.

In response to the Second Morrill Act, 17 states established separate land grant colleges for blacks which are now referred to as public historically black colleges and universities HBCUs.

In fact, some states adopted laws prohibiting schools from educating blacks and whites together, even if a school was willing to do so. The Constitutionality of such laws was upheld in Berea College v. KentuckyU.

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Under the 'separate but equal doctrine', blacks were entitled to receive the same public services and accommodations such as schools, bathrooms, and water fountains, but states were allowed to maintain different facilities for the two groups.

The legitimacy of such laws under the 14th Amendment was upheld by the U. Supreme Court in the case of Plessy v. FergusonU. The Plessy doctrine was extended to the public schools in Cumming v.

Richmond County Board of EducationU. A restaurant in Lancaster, Ohioin Although the Constitutional doctrine required equality, the facilities and social services offered to African-Americans were almost always of lower quality than those offered to white Americans; for example, many African American schools received less public funding per student than nearby white schools.

In Texas, the state established a state-funded law school for white students without any law school for black students. InHomer Plessy, who was of mixed ancestry and appeared to be white, boarded an all-white railroad car between New Orleans and Covington, Louisiana.

The conductor of the train collected passenger tickets at their seats. Plessy said he resented sitting in a coloreds-only car and was arrested immediately. The 13th amendment abolished slavery, and the 14th amendment granted equal protection to all under the law.

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the phrase "separate but equal". The ruling required "railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in that State to provide equal, but separate, accommodations for the white and colored races".

Separate railroad cars could be provided. The railroad could refuse service to passengers who refused to comply, and the Supreme Court ruled this did not infringe upon the 13th and 14th amendments.

The "separate but equal" doctrine applied to railroad cars and to schools, voting rights, and drinking fountains. Segregated schools were created for students, as long as they followed "separate but equal".

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The majority of all black schools received old textbooks, used equipment, and poorly prepared or trained teachers. This era also saw separate drinking fountains in public areas.Lone Star National Bank is a full-service independent community bank with 33 locations across South Texas.

Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment - even though the physical. May 19,  · Trying to format a cell to change to red when two other groups of cells dont equal each other.

Separate but Equal (film) - Wikipedia

So the scenario is I am a sum of 9 cells that should equal the sum shown in ONE seperate cell. Separate and Unequal - Sixty years after the Supreme Court declared separate schools for black and white children unconstitutional, school segregation is making a comeback.

Other articles where Separate but equal is discussed: African Americans: The civil rights movement: the court overturned the “separate but equal” ruling of the Plessy v.

Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in the country’s public school systems. White citizens’ councils in the South fought back with legal maneuvers, economic pressure, and even violence. A rare bit of film making intended to animate the story of "separate but equal," from first instances and particular people's involvement to historic legislation to who really won or .